109 4.4 NET GAINS OR LOSSES ON FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in thousands of euros) 31/12/2022 31/12/2021 Net gains or losses on debt instruments recognised in equity recyclable to income (1) Compensation of equity instruments recognised in equity not recyclable to income (dividends) 10 Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income 10 0 (1) Excluding gains and losses on sales of impaired debt instruments (Stage 3) mentioned in note 4.10 "Cost of risk". 4.5 NET GAINS OR LOSSES RESULTING FROM THE DERECOGNITION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS AT AMORTISED COST N/A 4.6 NET GAINS OR LOSSES ARISING ON RECLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS TO FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS, IF ANY N/A 4.7 NET INCOME (EXPENSE) FROM OTHER ACTIVITIES (in thousands of euros) 31/12/2022 31/12/2021 Gains or losses on non-operating non-current assets 0 Profit-sharing for policyholder beneficiaries of insurance policies 0 Other net income from insurance activities 0 Change in technical reserves of insurance companies 0 Net income from investment properties 0 Other net income (expenses) 1,877 1,713 Income (expenses) from other activities 1,877 1,713 4.8 GENERAL OPERATING EXPENSES (in thousands of euros) 31/12/2022 31/12/2021 Personnel expenses -58807 -57094 Taxes and statutory contributions 109 -748 External services and other operating expenses -40811 -33937 Operating expenses -99509 -91779
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