80 actual and regularly occurringmarket transactionsconducted on an arm's length basis. For financial assets and liabilities with offsetting market risks, the Group uses mid-prices as a basis for determining the fair value of these positions. For net short positions, the market values used are the bid prices and for net long positions, ask prices are used. • Level 2: fair values calculated using directly or indirectly observable data, other than level 1 These data are directly observable (i.e. prices) or indirectly observable (derived fromprice data) and generallymeet the following conditions: they are non-entity-specific data that are publicly available/accessible and based on a market consensus. The following are present in level 2: • shares and bonds quoted on amarket that is considered inactive, or not quoted in an activemarket, but for which the fair value is determined using a valuation method commonly used by market participants (such as discounted cash flows, the Black & Scholes model) and based on observable market data; • instruments traded over-the-counter for which valuation is performed with models that use observable market data, i.e. that can be obtained from multiple sources independent of internal sources and on a regular basis. For example, the fair value of interest rate swaps is generally derived fromyield curves based on themarket’s interest rates as observed at the reporting date. When themodels used are based notably on standardmodels and observablemarket parameters (such as yield curves or implied volatility spread), the original margin realised for instruments valued in this way is recorded in the Income Statement at inception. • Level 3: fair values for which a significant portion of the inputs used for their determination do not meet the observability criteria For some complex market instruments that are not traded on an active market, fair value is determined on the basis of valuation techniques using assumptions that cannot be backed up by observable data on the market for the same instrument. These instruments are included in Level 3. These are essentially complex rate products, equity derivatives and structured credit products whose valuation requires, for example, correlation or volatility inputs that are not directly comparable to market data. The original transactionprice is deemed to reflect themarket value and recognition of initial margin is deferred. Themargin relating to these structured financial instruments is generally recognised through profit or loss over the period inwhichparameters aredeemedunobservable.Whenmarket data becomes “observable,” the margin remaining to be recognised is immediately taken to income. Valuationmethodologiesandmodels for financial instruments within Levels 2 and 3 incorporate all factors used by market participants incalculatingaprice. Theymust first be validated through an independent check. Determining the fair value of these instruments takes account notably of liquidity risk and counterparty risk. Offsetting of financial assets and liabilities Inaccordancewith IAS32, CFMIndosuezWealthGroupoffsets a financial asset and a financial liability and presents a net balance if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to offset the amounts recognised and intends to settle the net amount or realise the asset and realise the liability simultaneously. The derivative instruments and repurchase operations handled with clearing houses whose operating principles meet both the criteria required by IAS 32 are offset on the balance sheet. Net gains or losses on financial instruments Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss For financial assets recognised at fair value through profit or loss, this item includes the following items of income: • Dividends and other income from equities and other variable income securities classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss; • Changes in the fair value of financial assets or financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss; • Capital gains and losses realised on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss; • Changes in fair value and income from the sale or termination of derivative instruments that are not subject to a fair value hedging or cash flow hedging relationship. This item also includes the ineffective portion of hedging transactions. Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income For financial assets measured at fair value in equity, this item particularly includes the following profit and loss items: • Dividends fromequity instruments classified as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income not recyclable to income: • Capital gains and losses and income related to the termination of the hedging relationship on debt instruments classified as financial assets at fair value through recyclable equity; • Income from the sale or termination of fair value hedges of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income when the hedged item is sold. Financing commitments and financial guarantee commitments given Financing commitments that are not classified as assets measured at fair value through profit or loss or that are not considered to be derivative instruments within themeaning of IFRS 9 are not included in the balance sheet. However,
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